Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian

Carter G. Woodson (December 19, 1875–April 3, 1950) is known  as the father of black history and black studies. He worked tirelessly to establish the field of African-American history in the early 1900s, founding the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and its journal. This son of two former slaves, he rose from modest origins to become the respected and groundbreaking historian who founded Negro History Week, today known as Black History Month. Fast Facts: Carter Woodson Known For: Known as the father of black history, Woodson founded Negro History Week, upon which Black History Month is foundedBorn: December 19, 1875 in New Canton, VirginiaParents: Anne Eliza Riddle Woodson and James Henry WoodsonDied: April 3, 1950 in Washington, D.C.Education: B.A. and M.A., University of Chicago. Ph.D., Harvard UniversityPublished Works:  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, A Century of Negro Migration, The History of the Negro Church, The Negro in Our HistoryAwards and Honors: 1926 NAACP Spingarn Medal, 1984 U.S. Postal Service 20 cent stamp honoring WoodsonNotable Quote: Those who have no record of what their forebears have accomplished lose the inspiration which comes from the teaching of biography and history. Early Life Woodsons parents owned a 10-acre tobacco farm near the James River in Virginia and their children had to spend most of their days doing farm work to help the family survive. This wasnt an unusual situation for farm families in late 19th-century America, but it did mean that young Woodson had little time to pursue his studies. Two of his uncles ran a schoolroom that met five months out of the year, and Woodson attended when he could. He learned to read using the Bible and his fathers newspapers in the evening. As a teenager, he went to work in the coal mines. During his free time, Woodson continued his education on his own, reading the writings of Roman philosopher Cicero and the Roman poet Virgil. Education When he was 20 years old, Woodson enrolled at Frederick Douglass High School in West Virginia, where his family then lived. He graduated in a year and went on to Berea College in Kentucky and Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. While he was still in college, he became an educator, teaching high school and serving as a principal. After his college graduation in 1903, Woodson spent time teaching in the Philippines and also traveled, visiting the Middle East and Europe. When he returned to the U.S., he enrolled at the University of Chicago and received both his bachelors and masters degrees in the spring of 1908. That fall, he became a doctoral student in history at Harvard University. The Founder of Black History Woodson was not the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in history from Harvard; that distinction went to W.E.B. Du Bois. But when Woodson graduated in 1912, he embarked on the project of making the history of black Americans both visible and respected. Contemporary conventional historians were white and had a very narrow scope in their historical narratives; one of Woodsons professors at Harvard, Edward Channing, asserted that the negro had no history. Channing was not alone in this sentiment, and U.S. history textbooks and coursework emphasized political history, which covered the history of the white middle-class and affluent men. Woodsons first book was on the history of African-American education titled,  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, published in 1915. In his preface, he emphasized the importance and power of the African-American story: [T]he accounts of the successful strivings of Negroes for enlightenment under most adverse circumstances read like beautiful romances of a people in an heroic age. The same year that his first book came out, Woodson took the important step of creating an organization to promote the study of African-American history and culture. It was called the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). He founded it with four other African-American men; they agreed to the project during a meeting at the YMCA and envisioned an association that would promote publishing in the field but also racial harmony by improving historical knowledge. The association had an accompanying journal that still exists today, The Journal of Negro History, which began in 1916. In 1920, Woodson became dean of the School of Liberal Arts at Howard University, and it was there that he created a formal African-American history survey course. That same year, he founded Associated Negro Publishers to promote African-American publishing. From Howard, he went on to West Virginia State, but in 1922 he retired from teaching and devoted himself entirely to scholarship. Woodson moved to Washington, D.C., and erected the permanent headquarters for the ASNLH. Woodson also continued to publish works such as  A Century of Negro Migration (1918), The History of the Negro Church (1921), and The Negro in Our History (1922). Negro History Week If Woodson had stopped there, he still would be remembered for helping to usher in the field of African-American history. But he wanted to spread knowledge of this history to black students of all ages. In 1926, he hit upon an idea—a week purely devoted to the celebration of the achievements of African-Americans. Negro History Week, the progenitor of todays Black History Month, began the week of Feb. 7, 1926. The week included the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. Black educators, with Woodsons encouragement, rapidly adopted the week-long study of African-American history. Later Life and Death Woodson spent the rest of his life studying, writing about, and promoting black history. He fought to keep African-American history alive at a time when most white historians were actively hostile to the idea. He kept the ASNLH and its journal going, even when funding was scarce. Woodson died at his home in Washington, D.C., at the age of 74 on April 3, 1950. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in  Maryland. Legacy Woodson did not live to see Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregation in schools illegal, nor did he live to see the creation of Black History Month in 1976. But his brainchild, Negro History Week, is the direct predecessor of this significant educational advance. His efforts to highlight the achievements of African-Americans gave to the civil rights generation a deep appreciation of the heroes who had preceded them and in whose footsteps they were following. The achievements of African-Americans like Crispus Attucks and Harriet Tubman  are part of the standard U.S. history narrative today, thanks to Carter G. Woodson. Sources Baldwin, Neil. The American Revelation: Ten Ideals That Shaped Our Country from the Puritans to the Cold War. Macmillan, 2006.Carter G. Woodson: Father of Black History. Ebony. vol. 59, no. 4, February 2004. pp. 20, 108-110.Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene. The University of Illinois Press, 2007.Woodson, Carter G. The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. G.P. Putnams sons, 1915.

John Locke, a British Philosopher, Studied the Knowledge...

John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher. Lockes monumental An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) is one of the first great defenses of empiricism and concerns itself with determining the limits of human understanding in respect to a wide spectrum of topics. It thus tells us in some detail what one can legitimately claim to know and what one cannot. Lockes association with Anthony Ashley Cooper (later the First Earl of Shaftesbury) led him to become successively a government official charged with collecting information about trade and colonies, economic writer, opposition political activist, and finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Among Lockes political works he is most famous for The Second Treatise of Government in which he argues that sovereignty resides in the people and explains the nature of legitimate government in terms of natural rights and the social cont ract. He is also famous for calling for the separation of Church and State in his Letter Concerning Toleration. Much of Lockes work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. This is apparent both on the level of the individual person and on the level of institutions such as government and church. For the individual, Locke wants each of us to use reason to search after truth rather than simply accept the opinion of authorities or be subject to superstition. He wants us toShow MoreRelatedEssay on John Locke: Illuminating Path to Life, Liberty, and Property642 Words   |  3 Pagesprominent man by the name of Thomas Jefferson, were greatly influenced by the Enlightenment’s most profound philosopher, John Locke. 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He published all of his most significant works within six years of following his returnRead MoreThe Early Stages of Psychology974 Words   |  4 Pages People have been searching for answers to life’s problems since the dawn of mankind. Humans would look to the stars for answers. They would look to nature for a cure. They even looked toward the heavens for gods to cure their ailments. Not until recently did we, as a race, begin to look toward ourselves to find solutions. We now know that we are capable of tapping into our minds and understanding what lies at the root of our mental illnesses. Beginnings Read MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). 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Years later, Charles Darwin (1809 –82) brought forth his theory of evolution, which argued that human behaviour is best understood through knowledge of its originsRead MoreAntecedents of Cognitive Psychology1680 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"psychology is the study of the mind† will be usually given. As what Neisser said, â€Å"Cognitive psychology refers to all the processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used.† Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology British Empiricism: Locke, Berkeley, and Hume John Locke (1632-1704) He proposed the theory of knowledge in which he suggested an explanation of how we came to know the world. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he attacked theRead MoreJohn Locke And The Locke Of The United States5485 Words   |  22 PagesFrom Aristotle to John Locke to Thomas Jefferson, the ideas of great philosophers influenced the foundations of the United States. When Jefferson began writing the Declaration of Independence, he wanted to make this new country based on the basic fundamentals. He wanted to base the country on what was considered the natural laws. Jefferson had many philosophical minds to ponder when writing the document, such as Aristotle and most importantly John Locke. The writings of John Locke were basic in the

The Vampire Diaries The Fury Chapter Six Free Essays

string(249) " What had happened to make him so strong\? And why was his strength fading now\? Elena had time to think about it as she sat there in the deserted choir loft, while below the people left the church and outside the overcast skies slowly grew darker\." â€Å"She’s already made her choice. You saw it yourself when you ‘interrupted’ us. You’ve already chosen, haven’t you, Elena?† Stefan said it not smugly, or as a demand, but with a kind of desperate bravado. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter Six or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena looked up. â€Å"Stefan, I love you. But don’t you understand, if I have a choice right now I have to choose for all of us to stay together. Just for now. Do you understand?† Seeing only stoniness in Stefan’s face, she turned to Damon. â€Å"Do you?† â€Å"I think so.† He gave her a secret, possessive smile. â€Å"I told Stefan from the beginning that he was selfish not to share you. Brothers should share things, you know.† â€Å"That’s not what I meant.† â€Å"Isn’t it?† Damon smiled again. â€Å"No,† Stefan said. â€Å"I don’t understand, and I don’t see how you can ask me to work with him. He’s evil, Elena. He kills for pleasure; he has no conscience at all. He doesn’t care about Fell’s Church; he said that himself. He’s a monster-â€Å" â€Å"Right now he’s being more cooperative than you are,† Elena said. She reached for Stefan’s hand, searching for some way to get through to him. â€Å"Stefan, I need you. And we both need him. Can’t you try to accept that?† When he didn’t answer she added, â€Å"Stefan, do you really want to be mortal enemies with your brother forever?† â€Å"Do you really think he wants anything else?† Elena stared down at their joined hands, looking at the planes and curves and shadows. She didn’t answer for a minute, and when she did it was very quietly. â€Å"He stopped me from killing you,† she said. She felt the flare of Stefan’s defensive anger, then felt it slowly fade. Something like defeat crept through him, and he bowed his head. â€Å"That’s true,† he said. â€Å"And, anyway, who am I to call him evil? What’s he done that I haven’t done myself?† We need to talk, Elena thought, hating this self-hatred of his. But this wasn’t the time or place. â€Å"Then you do agree?† she said hesitantly. â€Å"Stefan, tell me what you’re thinking.† â€Å"Right now I’m thinking that you always get your way. Because you always do, don’t you, Elena?† Elena looked into his eyes, noticing how the pupils were dilated, so that only a ring of green iris showed around the edge. There was no longer anger there, but the tiredness and the bitterness remained. But I’m not just doing it for myself, she thought, thrusting out of her mind the sudden surge of self-doubt. I’ll prove that to you, Stefan; you’ll see. For once I’m not doing something for my own convenience. But I’m not just doing it for myself, she thought, thrusting out of her mind the sudden surge of self-doubt. I’ll prove that to you, Stefan; you’ll see. For once I’m not doing something for my own convenience. â€Å"Yes. I†¦ agree.† â€Å"And I agree,† said Damon, extending his own hand with exaggerated courtesy. He captured Elena’s before she could say anything. â€Å"In fact, we all seem to be in a frenzy of pure agreement.† Don’t, Elena thought, but at that moment, standing in the cool twilight of the choir loft, she felt that it was true, that they were all three connected, and in accord, and strong. Then Stefan pulled his hand away. In the silence that followed, Elena could hear the sounds outside and in the church below. There was still crying and the occasional shout, but the overall urgency was gone. Looking out the window, she saw people picking their way across the wet parking lot between the little groups that huddled over wounded victims. Dr. Feinberg was moving from island to island, apparently dispensing medical advice. The victims looked like survivors of a hurricane or earthquake. â€Å"No one is what they seem,† Elena said. â€Å"What?† â€Å"That’s what Bonnie said during the memorial service. She had another one of her fits. I think it might be important.† She tried to put her thoughts in order. â€Å"I think there are people in town that we ought to look out for. Like Alaric Saltzman.† She told them, briefly, what she had overheard earlier that day in Alaric’s house. â€Å"He’s not what he seems, but I don’t know exactly what he is. I think we should watch him. And since I obviously can’t appear in public, you two are going to have to do it. But you can’t let him suspect you know-† Elena broke off as Damon held up a hand swiftly. Down at the base of the stairs, a voice was calling. â€Å"Stefan? Are you up there?† And then, to someone else, â€Å"I thought I saw him go up here.† It sounded like Mr. Carson. â€Å"Go,† Elena hissed almost inaudibly to Stefan, â€Å"You have to be as normal as possible so you can stay here in Fell’s Church. I’ll be all right.† â€Å"But where will you go?† â€Å"To Meredith’s. I’ll explain later. Go on.† Stefan hesitated, and then started down the stairs, calling, â€Å"I’m coming.† Then he pulled back. â€Å"I’m not leaving you with him,† he said flatly. Elena threw her hands up in exasperation. â€Å"Then both of you go. You just agreed to work together; are you going to go back on your word now?† she added to Damon, who was looking unyielding himself. He gave another of his little shrugs. â€Å"All right. Just one thing-are you hungry?† â€Å"That’s good. But later on, you will be. Remember that.† He crowded Stefan down the stairs, earning himself a searing look. But Elena heard Stefan’s voice in her mind as they both disappeared. I’ll come for you later. Wait for me. She wished she could answer with her own thoughts. She also noticed something. Stefan’s mental voice was much weaker than it had been four days ago when he had been fighting his brother. Come to think of it, he hadn’t been able to speak with his mind at all before the Founders’ Day celebration. She’d been so confused when she woke up by the river that it hadn’t occurred to her, but now she wondered. What had happened to make him so strong? And why was his strength fading now? Elena had time to think about it as she sat there in the deserted choir loft, while below the people left the church and outside the overcast skies slowly grew darker. She thought about Stefan, and about Damon, and she wondered if she had made the right choice. She’d vowed never to let them fight over her, but that vow was broken already. Was she crazy to try and make them live under a truce, even a temporary one? When the sky outside was uniformly black, she ventured down the stairs. The church was empty and echoing. She hadn’t thought about how she would get out, but fortunately the side door was bolted only from the inside. She slipped out into the night gratefully. She hadn’t realized how good it was to be outside and in the dark. Being inside buildings made her feel trapped, and daylight hurt her eyes. This was best, free and unfettered-and unseen. Her own senses rejoiced at the lush world around her. With the air so still, scents hung in the air for a long time, and she could smell a whole plethora of nocturnal creatures. A fox was scavenging in somebody’s trash. Brown rats were chewing something in the bushes. Night moths were calling to one another with scent. She found it wasn’t hard to get to Meredith’s house undetected; people seemed to be staying inside. But once she got there, she stood looking up at the graceful farmhouse with the screened porch in dismay. She couldn’t just walk up to the front door and knock. Was Meredith really expecting her? Wouldn’t she be waiting outside if she were? Meredith was about to get a terrible shock if she weren’t, Elena reflected, eyeing the distance to the roof of the porch. Meredith’s bedroom window was above it and just around the corner. It would be a bit of a reach, but Elena thought she could make it. Getting onto the roof was easy; her fingers and bare toes found holds between the bricks and sent her sailing up. But leaning around the corner to look into Meredith’s window was a strain. She blinked against the light that flooded out. Meredith was sitting on the edge of her bed, elbows on knees, staring at nothing. Every so often she ran a hand through her dark hair. A clock on the nightstand said Meredith was sitting on the edge of her bed, elbows on knees, staring at nothing. Every so often she ran a hand through her dark hair. A clock on the nightstand said Elena tapped on the window glass with her fingernails. Meredith jumped and looked the wrong way, toward the door. She stood up in a defensive crouch, clutching a throw pillow in one hand. When the door didn’t open, she sidled a pace or two toward it, still in a defensive posture. â€Å"Who is it?† she said. Elena tapped on the glass again. Meredith spun to face the window, her breath coming fast. â€Å"Let me in,† said Elena. She didn’t know if Meredith could hear her, so she mouthed it clearly. â€Å"Open the window.† Meredith, panting, looked around the room as if she expected someone to appear and help her. When no one did, she approached the window as if it were a dangerous animal. But she didn’t open it. â€Å"Let me in,† Elena said again. Then she added impatiently, â€Å"If you didn’t want me to come, why did you make an appointment with me?† She saw the change as Meredith’s shoulders relaxed slightly. Slowly, with fingers that were unusually clumsy, Meredith opened the window and stood back. â€Å"Now ask me to come inside. Otherwise I can’t. â€Å"Come†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Meredith’s voice failed and she had to try again. â€Å"Come in,† she said. When Elena, wincing, had boosted herself over the sill and was flexing her cramped fingers, Meredith added almost dazedly, â€Å"It’s got to be you. Nobody else gives orders like that.† â€Å"It’s me,† Elena said. She stopped wringing out the cramps and looked into the eyes of her friend. â€Å"It really is me, Meredith,† she said. Meredith nodded and swallowed visibly. Right then what Elena would have liked most in the world would have been for the other girl to give her a hug. But Meredith wasn’t much of the hugging type, and right now she was backing slowly away to sit on the bed again. â€Å"Sit down,† she said in an artificially calm voice. Elena pulled out the desk chair and unthinkingly took up the same position Meredith had been in before, elbows on knees, head down. Then she looked up. â€Å"How did you know?† â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Meredith just stared at her for a moment, then shook herself. â€Å"Well. You- your body was never found, of course. That was strange. And then those attacks on the old man and Vickie and Tanner-and Stefan and little things I’d put together about him-but I didn’t know. Not for sure. Not until now.† She ended almost in a whisper. â€Å"Well, it was a good guess,† Elena said. She was trying to behave normally, but what was normal in this situation? Meredith was acting as if she could scarcely bear to look at her. It made Elena feel more lonely, more alone, than she could ever remember being in her life. â€Å"I asked Bonnie to come over at seven o’clock, if her mother would let her. It’s probably her. I’ll go see.† Meredith seemed almost indecently eager to get away. â€Å"Wait. Does she know?† â€Å"No†¦ Oh, you mean I should break it to her gently.† Meredith looked around the room again uncertainly, and Elena snapped on the little reading light by the bed. â€Å"Turn the room light off. It hurts my eyes anyway,† she said quietly. When Meredith did, the bedroom was dim enough that she could conceal herself in the shadows. Waiting for Meredith to return with Bonnie, she stood in a corner, hugging her elbows with her hands. Maybe it was a bad idea trying to get Meredith and Bonnie involved. If imperturbable Meredith couldn’t handle the situation, what would Bonnie do? Meredith heralded their arrival by muttering over and over, â€Å"Don’t scream now; don’t scream,† as she bundled Bonnie across the threshold. â€Å"What’s wrong with you? What are you doing?† Bonnie was gasping in return. â€Å"Let go of me. Do you know what I had to do to get my mother to let me out of the house tonight? She wants to take me to the hospital at Roanoke.† Meredith kicked the door shut. â€Å"Okay,† she said to Bonnie. â€Å"Now, you’re going to see something that will†¦ well, it’s going to be a shock. But you can’t scream, do you understand me? I’ll let go of you if you promise.† â€Å"It’s too dark to see anything, and you’re scaring me. What’s wrong with you, Meredith? Oh, all right, I promise, but what are you talking-â€Å" â€Å"Elena,† said Meredith. Elena took it as an invitation and stepped forward. Bonnie’s reaction wasn’t what she expected. She frowned and leaned forward, peering in the dim light. When she saw Elena’s form, she gasped. But then, as she stared at Elena’s face, she clapped her hands together with a shriek of joy. â€Å"I knew it! I knew they were wrong! So there, Meredith-and you and Stefan thought you knew so much about drowning and all that. But I knew you were wrong! Oh, Elena, I missed you! Everyone’s going to be so-â€Å" â€Å"Be quiet, Bonnie! Be quiet!† Meredith said urgently. â€Å"I told you not to scream. Listen, you idiot, do you think if Elena were really all right she’d be here in the middle of the night without anybody knowing about it?† â€Å"But she is all right; look at her. She’s standing there. It is you, isn’t it, Elena?† Bonnie started toward her, but Meredith grabbed her again. â€Å"Yes, it’s me.† Elena had the strange feeling she’d wandered into a surreal comedy, maybe one written by Kafka, only she didn’t know her lines. She didn’t know what to say to Bonnie, who was looking rapturous. â€Å"What are you two being so mysterious for? She’s here, but she’s not all right. What’s that supposed to mean?† Elena didn’t know whether to laugh or cry. â€Å"Look, Bonnie†¦ oh, I don’t know how to say this. Bonnie, did your psychic grandmother ever talk to you about vampires?† Silence fell, heavy as an ax. The minutes ticked by. Impossibly, Bonnie’s eyes widened still further; then, they slid toward Meredith. There were several more minutes of silence, and then Bonnie shifted her weight toward the door. â€Å"Uh, look, you guys,† she said softly, â€Å"this is getting really weird. I mean, really, really, really†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena cast about in her mind. â€Å"You can look at my teeth,† she said. She pulled her upper lip back, poking at a canine with her finger. She felt the reflexive lengthening and sharpening, like a cat’s claw lazily extending. Meredith came forward and looked and then looked away quickly. â€Å"I get the point,† she said, but in her voice there was none of the old wry pleasure in her own wit. â€Å"Bonnie, look,† she said. All the elation, all the excitement had drained out of Bonnie. She looked as if she were going to be sick. â€Å"No. I don’t want to.† â€Å"You have to. You have to believe it, or we’ll never get anywhere.† Meredith grappled a stiff and resisting Bonnie forward. â€Å"Open your eyes, you little twit. You’re the one who loves all this supernatural stuff.† â€Å"I’ve changed my mind,† Bonnie said, almost sobbing. There was genuine hysteria in her tone. â€Å"Leave me alone, Meredith; I don’t want to look.† She wrenched herself away. â€Å"You don’t have to,† Elena whispered, stunned. Dismay pooled inside her, and tears flooded her eyes. â€Å"This was a bad idea, Meredith. I’ll go away.† â€Å"No. Oh, don’t.† Bonnie turned back as quickly as she’d whirled away and precipitated herself into Elena’s arms. â€Å"I’m sorry, Elena; I’m sorry. I don’t care what you are; I’m just glad you’re back. It’s been terrible without you.† She was sobbing now in earnest. The tears that wouldn’t come when Elena had been with Stefan came now. She cried, holding on to Bonnie, feeling Meredith’s arms go around both of them. They were all crying-Meredith silently, Bonnie noisily, and Elena herself with passionate intensity. She felt as if she were crying for everything that had happened to her, for everything she had lost, for all the loneliness and the fear and the pain. Eventually, they all ended up sitting on the floor, knee to knee, the way they had when they were kids at a sleepover making secret plans. â€Å"You’re so brave,† Bonnie said to Elena, sniffling. â€Å"I don’t see how you can be so brave about it.† â€Å"Your hands aren’t cold.† Meredith squeezed Elena’s fingers. â€Å"Just sort of cool. I thought they’d be colder.† â€Å"Stefan’s hands aren’t cold either,† Elena said, and she was about to go on, but Bonnie squeaked: â€Å"Stefan?† Meredith and Elena looked at her. â€Å"Be sensible, Bonnie. You don’t get to be a vampire by yourself. Somebody has to make you one.† â€Å"But you mean Stefan . . . ? You mean he’s a†¦ ?† Bonnie’s voice choked off. â€Å"I think,† said Meredith, â€Å"that maybe this is the time to tell us the whole story, Elena. Like all those minor details you left out the last time we asked you for the whole story.† Elena nodded. â€Å"You’re right. It’s hard to explain, but I’ll try.† She took a deep breath. â€Å"Bonnie, do you remember the first day of school? It was the first time I ever heard you make a prophecy. You looked into my palm and said I’d meet a boy, a dark boy, a stranger. And that he wasn’t tall but that he had been once. Well†-she looked at Bonnie and then at Meredith-â€Å"Stefan’s not really tall now. But he was once†¦ compared to other people in the fifteenth century.† Meredith nodded, but Bonnie made a faint sound and swayed backward, looking shell-shocked. â€Å"You mean-â€Å" â€Å"I mean he lived in Renaissance Italy, and the average person was shorter then. So Stefan looked taller by comparison. And, wait, before you pass out, here’s something else you should know. Damon’s his brother.† Meredith nodded again. â€Å"I figured something like that. But then why has Damon been saying he’s a college student?† â€Å"They don’t get along very well. For a long time, Stefan didn’t even know Damon was in Fell’s Church.† Elena faltered. She was verging on Stefan’s private history, which she’d always felt was his secret to tell. But Meredith had been right; it was time to come out with the whole story. â€Å"Listen, it was like this,† she said. â€Å"Stefan and Damon were both in love with the same girl back in Renaissance Italy. She was from Germany, and her name was Katherine. The reason Stefan was avoiding me at the beginning of school was that I reminded him of her; she had blond hair and blue eyes, too. Oh, and this was her ring.† Elena let go of Meredith’s hand and showed them the intricately carved golden circlet set with a single stone of lapis lazuli. â€Å"And the thing was that Katherine was a vampire. A guy named Klaus had made her one back in her village in Germany to save her from dying of her last illness. Stefan and Damon both knew this, but they didn’t care. They asked her to choose between them the one she wanted to marry.† Elena stopped and gave a lopsided smile, thinking that Mr. Tanner had been right; history did repeat itself. She only hoped her story didn’t end like Katherine’s. â€Å"But she chose both of them. She exchanged blood with both of them, and she said they could all three be companions through eternity.† between them the one she wanted to marry.† Elena stopped and gave a lopsided smile, thinking that Mr. Tanner had been right; history did repeat itself. She only hoped her story didn’t end like Katherine’s. â€Å"But she chose both of them. She exchanged blood with both of them, and she said they could all three be companions through eternity.† â€Å"Sounds dumb,† said Meredith. â€Å"You got it,† Elena told her. â€Å"Katherine was sweet but not very bright. Stefan and Damon already didn’t like each other. They told her she had to choose, that they wouldn’t even think of sharing her. And she ran off crying. The next day-well, they found her body, or what was left of it. See, a vampire needs a talisman like this ring to go out in the sun without being killed. And Katherine went out in the sun and took hers off. She thought if she were out of the way, Damon and Stefan would be reconciled.† â€Å"Oh, my God, how ro-â€Å" â€Å"No, it isn’t,† Elena cut Bonnie off savagely. â€Å"It’s not romantic at all. Stefan’s been living with the guilt ever since, and I think Damon has, too, although you’d never get him to admit it. And the immediate result was that they got a couple of swords and killed each other. Yes, killed. That’s why they’re vampires now, and that’s why they hate each other so much. And that’s why I’m probably crazy trying to get them to cooperate now.† How to cite The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter Six, Essay examples

Effects of Conflict on Employee and Organizational Performance Essay Sample free essay sample

Abstraction: Conflict exists in all types of working environments. If you are working with people or interact with people on a day-to-day footing. at some point you will be involved in or hold to cover with some signifier of struggle. Every employee hopes for a healthy. struggle free working environment. Conflict within the working environment has a direct impact on an employee’s occupation satisfaction and public presentation and on that of the organization’s public presentation. This paper is an effort to understand and cognize the consequence. causes. types and schemes on pull offing employee’s occupation satisfaction and occupation public presentation when holding to be involved in. or hold had to cover with any type of struggle. 1. 1INTRODUCTION Today. the bulk of concern organisations are making concern in a turbulent environment where there is a changeless hunt to happen a manner to better their fight and public presentation ( Dodd. 2003 ) . With mention to organisations. struggle is the dissension between employees. sections. directors or groups of people within the concern. Disagreements may happen due to differences in points of position. political orientation or unhealthy competition that may give to either a positive or to a negative effect. No affair what type of struggle or degree of struggle occurs. there a figure of functional and dysfunctional effects that can originate from that struggle ( Esquivel and kleiner. 1997 ) . In add-on. organisational struggle is regarded as the strife that happens when the ends. involvements or values of different persons or groups are incompatible with those persons or groups block or thwart each other in effort to make their aims. Conflict is an inevitable portion of the organisational life since the ends of assorted stakeholders such as directors and staff have assorted and different points of position and are incompatible ( Jones et al. . 2000 ) . Conflict is a fact o f life in any organisation every bit long as people compete for occupations. resources. power. acknowledgment and security ( Adomi and Anie. 2005 ) . As the term and sound of â€Å"conflict† by and large has a intension of something negative for most persons. it can hold an consequence of both a positive and a negative. Research workers have stated that most organisations need more struggle. non less ( Rico. 1964 ) . It has besides been stated that the absence of struggle may be an indicant of autarchy. uniformity. stagnancy and mental fastness ; the presence of struggle may be declarative of democracy. diverseness. growing. and self-actualization ( Pondy. 1992 ) . Furthermore. struggle is considered psychologically and socially healthy. It is psychologically healthy because it provides an mercantile establishment for defeats and gives a feeling of engagement for those involved in the struggle ( Tjosvold. 1998 ) . In most organisations today. employees are organized into manageable groups in order to make a common end. therefore doing the chance of struggle to be high. There is no 1 beginning of struggle that occurs in organisations at all degrees of direction ( Barker et Al. . 1987 ) . In the societal kingdom of struggle. struggle occurs but is handled by household members. friends and relations. The same attack applies when the struggle is within the organisation. when struggle arises ; it needs to be resolved by direction for the interest of growing of the organisation. endurance and enhance employee and organisation public presentation. However. struggles are seldom resolved easy. to a certain extend most struggles are managed. as persons work out difference ( Barker. 1987 ) . 1. 2 Causes of Conflict With any organisation. there are many causes of struggle ; nevertheless. the struggle with an Individual normally arises when an person is ill-defined about what they are expected to make. this happens when the director or supervisor in charged has non clearly defined their outlooks to the employee ( Henry. 2009 ) . A study conducted by Psychometrics Canada. surveyed 357 HR professional’s employees about what they see as the chief causes of struggle. employees frequently report that personality. leading. communicating and the work environment drama considerable functions. Personality clangs and warring self-importances. scored the highest per centum of 86 % of the bulk of respondents indicated being a frequent struggle. Lack of leading is the 2nd most normally mentioned cause evaluation at 73 % . Poor leading from the top of the organisation plays a important portion in bring forthing struggle at work. Issues related to communicating and work environment followed closely with a mark of 67 % describing deficiency of honestness and openness as their cause of struggle. and 64 % indicate that work is stress is their chief cause. Over half of those surveyed identified hiting a 59 % as the cause of clang of values as their chief cause of struggle within an organisation. Incompatible personalities. which are psychological. might impact the employees non to acquire along with each other and this trouble might take to struggles. which consequence from formal interactions with other employees ( Robbins. 1987 ) . Conflicts would originate between persons and groups if the ends are non specified for single within a group ( Duke. 1999 ) . Additionally. the followers are other beginnings of struggles within an or ganisation viz. : sharing of resources particularly manpower. money stuffs. equipment and infinite required among sections. When resources may be scarce. people will ever hold to vie for them and the terminal consequence will take to conflict. 1. 3 Types of ConflictThere are three basic types of struggle: undertaking struggle. interpersonal struggle and procedural Conflict. These types of struggle so divide into what is identified within the organisation as either perpendicular or horizontal ( Imazai. 2002 ) . Task struggle can be productive by bettering the quality of determinations and critical thought procedures. Interpersonal struggle is used to bespeak the dissension that most people call a personality clang. This type of clang may show in the signifier of counter comments associating to personal features of another employee. or ignore any organisational ends to antagonise another group member. This type of struggle is expressed through more elusive gestural behaviours. For illustration. there may be frigid stares or. or to an utmost pure turning away of oculus contact. Interpersonal struggle may be inevitable and must be managed for optimum group co-existence. Another illustration of interpersonal struggle is turning away ( Robert. 1969 ) . Procedural struggle exists when assorted group members disagree about the stairss in which to take in carry throughing a group end. New processs may be formulated and a new docket suggested. Procedural struggle. like undertaking struggle. may be productive ( Barker. 1987 ) . Harmonizing to research compiled by O M Hotepo. perpendicular struggle occurs in groups of different hierarchal degrees. such as supervisors and salesmen. whereas horizontal struggle occurs between persons of the same degree. such as directors in the same organisation. In perpendicular struggle. differences in position and power between groups are in general larger than in that of the horizontal struggle ( Robbins. 1983 ) because these facets tend to equalise in tantamount hierarchal degrees. When a perpendicular struggle occurs between staff employees and disposal. their beginnings refer to: ( I ) psychological distance: workers don’t feel involved in the organisation and experience as if their demands are non being met. ( two ) power and position: employees feel powerless and alienated. ( three ) differences in values and political orientation: this is the difference represents personal beliefs on aims and ends of an organisation and ( four ) scarce resources: dissensions si ng benefits. salary and work conditions. In perpendicular struggle. persons in lower organisational degree seek to avoid struggles with direction degrees ( Brewer. 2002 ) . It is expected that the top direction equals perceive more struggle internally between their groups than those of lower place ( Pondy. 1992 ) . This happens because of the undermentioned grounds: ( I ) people in direction. are engaged in non-routine activities and development of policies. where the orientation for the actions are less clear and opportunities for dissension. bigger and ; ( two ) people in higher direction. instead than the lower degrees. are likely less flexible in their points of position. Conflict declaration at this point becomes more hard. Vertical struggle is researches examine the short-run and long term effects of sensed equity in organisational struggles between employees and supervisors ( Imazai. 2002 ) . This writer concluded that employee’s equity is of import in the declaration or organisational struggles. That when employees realize that there was equity in the struggle declaration. the bond between the group was merely strengthened. It was added that the sensed and distributive equity increased occupation satisfaction. 1. 4 Reason Conflict Occurs Conflict is clearly associated with power and can emerge when end accomplishment of an Organization is avoided ( Jung. 2003 ) . It is besides believed that people are cognizant of the factors that generate struggles such as scarceness. obstructor and incompatible involvement or ends ( Robinson. 1983 ) . Assorted grounds that cause struggle to intensify are as follows: ( I ) sections turn. people lose contact with other sections. or members of a section start to believe otherwise from other countries: ( two ) the addition of accent in the fiscal steps as a tool for motive for directors and the constitution of different net income centres inside an integrated concern system stop up crating many struggles ; ( three ) the increasing rise of accent in functional specialisation. political relations or publicity and recruiting reinforce the isolation of sections. bring forthing struggles ; ( four ) today there is more room for workers to demo unfavorable judgment among each other. while this freedom of address can be good for society as a whole. in organisational context can be transformed into struggles and ( V ) consumers demand lower monetary values. better quality in merchandises and services. making force per unit areas so that sections work more efficaciously which can ensue in strug gles among sections ( Ikeda. 2005 ) . Not all struggles are bad and non all struggles are good. harmonizing to Hocker and Wilmot ( 1995 ) . Conflict can make negative impact to groups but may besides take to positive effects depending on the nature of the struggle. Unresolved struggles tend to turn into bigger struggles. the more it grows. the greater the opportunity of roll uping more jobs ( Knippen and Green. 1999 ) . Similarly. some of these jobs which might originate due to conflict. are deficiency of cooperation. hapless communicating. wasted and contagious struggle ( Knippen and Green. 1999 ) . 2. 1 Controlling and Managing Conflict There are many ways that struggle can be managed. some concentrating on interpersonal relationships and some on construction alterations within the organisation. Robinson and Clifford ( 1974 ) . advocates that pull offing struggle toward constructive action is the best attack in deciding struggle in an organisation. When struggle arises. it needs to be handled suitably so that it can ensue in a positive action instead than that of a negative consequence. Parker ( 1974 ) argued that if struggles arise and are non managed decently. it will take to holds of work. disinterest and deficiency of action and in utmost instances might take to finish dislocation of the group. Knippen and Green ( 1999 ) argued that the best manner to manage struggle objectively is to follow six measure procedure that involves depicting the struggle state of affairs to the other individual. inquiring the other individual how he/she sees the struggle state of affairs. reacting the manner the other individual sees the state of affairs. jointly make up ones minding how to decide the struggle. doing committedness to decide the struggles. and assuring to be committed in the hereafter to go on deciding struggles that may originate. Another manner to managing organisational struggle is to set or do structural alterations within the organisation. This means modifying and incorporating the aims of groups with different point of views. Furthermore. the organisation construction may hold to be changed and authority-responsibility relationships clarified ( Knippen and Green. 1999 ) . The eventuality Theory harmonizing to Derr ( 1975 ) is one of the conceptual tools utile for pull offing organisational struggle. He stated that there are three major struggle direction attacks from which interviewer can pull to explicate an attack appropriate for deciding a difference ; Collaboration. Bargaining and Power drama. The appropriate usage of these methods depends on the person and the province of the organisation. Derr ( 1975 ) continues to specify Collaboration as affecting people come uping their differences ( seting it all on the tabular array ) . and so work on the jobs until they have reached a common solution. By utilizing this attack. it is assumed that people will be motivated to voice their differences and put in the clip to hold them resolved. Dickering on the other manus assumes that neither party will emerge experiencing the issue was resolved from the confrontation but that both. through dialogue. can acquire something they do non hold at the beginning. or more of something needed. normally by giving up something of lesser value and importance to them. The triumph is normally imbalanced where as one party by and large wins more than the other ; by the adept usage of tactical trades. the employee can acquire the maximal possible from the other side. The concluding attack is Power Play ; it differs from the other two attacks because its accent is on strictly self-interest. In coaction and dickering the two sides join forces to seek to decide their jobs. when power is the dominant manner. the actions are one-sided or in alliances moving one-sidedly ( Derr. 1975 ) . Causes of Conflicts| Conflict Management Technologies| | COLLABORATION| BARGAINING| POWER PLAY|External pressures| Open systems planning| Negotiation| Force and menaces of force. usage of Torahs co-option. strategic usage of information. alliance building| Individual stress| Counseling. coaching. job solving| Contracting| Transfer. careful occupation description| Power Struggles| Build organisational clime. do determinations near to information beginning. best thoughts prevail. promote engagement job solving| Negotiation. work out substantial issues of scarce resource. allotment. set up power party| Use of legitimate authorization. co-option. alliance edifice. favour system| Low interdependence| Increasing group interaction| Negotiation to heighten interaction| Use of legitimate authorization to construction more interaction| Role differences. distinction. high interdependence| Team edifice. communicating accomplishments. job work outing. confrontive manner. imagination. 3rd party audience. climate| | Support with formal authorization an d rewards| Beginning: Derr. G. B. ( 1975 ) : Major causes of organisational struggle: Diagnosis for action ; Working paper. Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey. California 2. 2 Methods to decide ConflictIn researching ways to decide struggle within organisations study conducted of one hundred 30 directors from authorities section. and private companies. This study was conducted by Ongori Henry in Botswana. Botswana. His decision of methods to decide struggle was that most struggles in organisations are resolved by the involved compromising. followed by utilizing mediation to decide struggles. In add-on other attacks are besides supplemented in deciding struggles. This survey places strong duty on direction to use more than one attack to decide the struggles within the organisation. The survey besides indicates that turning away and backdown are attacks frequently used in their organisation. but are non given precedence compared to other attacks of compromising or promoting unfastened communicating. 3. 1 Effectss of Conflict Conflict depending the type. cause or ground can impact persons and organisations otherwise. No one individual will ever react or respond the same manner about everything. If struggles are managed decently. the result may non stop up negatively. If the organisation would utilize the best class of action. the organisation could in fact increase its public presentation in footings of using the scarce resources and accomplishing the aims of the organisation ( Jehn. 1995 ) . Conflict can better determination doing results. particularly on task-related struggle and group productiveness by increasing the quality of unfavorable judgment and persons following a â€Å"devil’s advocate† type function ( Amason. 1996 ) . Research has besides found that undertaking related struggle is good to the organisation since it allows the exchange of thoughts and help better public presentation amongst the group members ( Jehn. 1995 ) . Other benefits include group acquisition and truth in state of affairs appraisal ( Fiol. 1994 ) . Robinson ( 1994 ) advocate that pull offing struggle toward constructive action is the best attack in deciding struggle within an organisation. Conflicts as stated before can hold both positive and negative consequences for the person every bit good as for the organisation. Field study consequences ( 2009 ) from survey of 90 six directors from Hotels. Airlines. Road Transport and Insurance companies indicated that positive consequences for the employee from struggle can take to constructing cooperation. helps the person to develop. better the employees accomplishments on how to pull off such struggles. improves choice determinations. and increases their innovativeness and productiveness. Negative consequences for the employee from struggle are interferes with organisation operations. deficiency of cooperation. cachexia of clip and resources. no coherence to organisation. and no productiveness. Harmonizing to Brookins ( 2008 ) struggle for an employee consequences in mental wellness concerns doing defeat and feeling of being unrecognized. The consequence is the employee becomes stressed. which adversely affects their professional and personal lives. They may see jobs kiping. loss of appetency or gluttony. concerns and go unapproachable. Employees involved in struggle frequently show a lessening in their productiveness. The clip covering with the struggle interferes with their occupation public presentation ; their focal point has shifted from the ends to dish the dirting about the struggle or venting about their defeats. Many employees when holding to cover or confront unsolved struggle frequently leave the organisation all together. Violence has even occurred in some organisational state of affairs because a struggle has escalates without any mediation. and an intense state of affairs may originate between its employees. 4. Decision Conflicts are portion of our human nature and sometime ineluctable. We understand that any struggle that has an consequence on an employee can besides hold a strong consequence on the organisation and must be resolved. Pawlak ( 1998 ) suggests that struggle analysis and its declarations has an of import function in private. public and political organisations. every bit good as in judicial and work differences. in military operations and many other establishments. The cause of the struggles becomes irrelevant if they are neer resolved. Though struggle is normally viewed as a negative. it is capable of increasing organisational productiveness. thereby bettering the organisational public presentation. All this is achieved by turn toing the employee’s struggle to extinguish any farther negative consequence. Conflict direction systems should be integrated within the organisation. This procedure begins with appraisal and enquiry. addresses the design. execution and rating ( Ford. 20 07 ) . If struggles occur. which they will. struggles should construct the spirit of teamwork and cooperation among the employees of an organisation ( Henry. 2009 ) . Resources Barker. L. L. j. w. Kathy. K. W. Watson and R. J. Kibler. 1987. Groups in Process: an Introduction to Small Group Communication. 3rd Edn. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs. N. J. Brewer. N. . Mitchell. P. . Weber. N. 2002. Gender function. Organizational Status. and Conflict Management Styles. The International Journal of Conflict Management. 12 ( 1 ) : 78-94 Derr. G. B. 1975. Major Causes of Organizational Conflict: Diagnosis for Action. Working paper. Naval postgraduate School. Monterey. California Duke. C. . 1999. Organizational struggles impacting engineering commercialisation from non-profit research labs. J. Prod. Brand Manage. . 4 ( 5 ) : 5-15 Fiol. C. M. . 1994. Consensus. diverseness and acquisition in Organizations. J. Org. Sci. . 5 ( 3 ) :403-420. Hocker. J. L. and W. w. Wilmot. 1995. Interpersonal Conflict. 4th Edn. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Jehn. K. . 1995. A multi-method scrutiny of the benefits and hurts of inter-group struggle. Administr. Sci. Q. . 40 ( 1 ) : 256-282 Knippen. J. T. and T. B. Green. 1999. Managing struggles. J. Workplace Learning. 11 ( 1 ) : 27-32 Jung. S. 2003. The Effects of Organizational Culture on Conflict Resolution in Marketing. Journal of American Academy of Business. 3: 242-246. Ikeda. A. A. . Veludo-de-Oliverira. Campomar M. C. 2005. Organizational Conflicts Perceived by marketing Executives. Electronic Journal of Business and Organization Studies. 10 ( 1 ) :22-28 Pawlak. Z. 1998. An Inquiry into Anantomy of Conflicts. Journal of Information Sciences. 109: 65-68 Pondy. L. R. 1992. Contemplations on Organizational Conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 13: 257-261 Robinson. J. . Roy W. J. . Clifford. R. A. 1974. Conflict Management in community Groups. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. North Cardinal Regional Extension Publication No. 36-45 Robbins. S. P. 1983. Organizational Behavior. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs. ISBN 978-960-474-161-8 Tjosvold. D. 1998. Concerted and Competitive Goal Approach to Conflict: Accomplishments and Challenges. Applied Psychology: an International Review. 47 ( 3 ) : 285-342.

New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage Essay Example Essay Example

New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage Essay Example Paper New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage Essay Introduction NEW GLOBAL STRATEGIES FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 1. High intensity domestic competition breeds international success. 2. In the diamond-shaped chart, there are key elements of it success is to be sustained: Company strategy (structure and rivalry), factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries. 3. The home base shapes a company’s capacity to innovate rapidly in technology and methods and to do so in the proper directions. 4. A global strategy supplements and solidifies the competitive advantage created at home base. 5. The most important sources of national advantage must be actively sought and exploited. 6. Caught up in a never-ending process of seeking out new advantages and struggling with rivals to protect them. 7. Stability is valued in most companies, not change. Protecting old ideas and techniques becomes the preoccupation, not creating new ones. The long-term challenge for any firm is to put itself in a position where it is most likely to perce ive, and best able to address the imperatives of competitive advantage. Expose a company to new market and technological opportunities that may be hard to perceive. Preparing for change by upgrading and expanding the skills of employees and improving the firm’s scientific and knowledge base. Overcoming complacency and inertia to act on the new opportunities and circumstances. Much attention has rightly been places on the importance of visionary leaders in achieving unusual organizational success. Great leaders are influenced by the environment in which they work. Innovation takes place because the home environment stimulates it. Innovation succeeds because the home environment supports and even forces it. New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage Essay Body Paragraphs The right environment not only shapes a leader’s own perceptions and priorities but provides the catalyst that allows the leader to overcome inertia and produce organizational change. Great leaders emerge in different industries in different nations, in part because national circumstances attract and encourage them In many industries, the national environment provides one or two nations with a distinct advantage over their foreign competitors. Leadership often determines which particular firm or firms exploit this advantage. The ability of any firm to innovate has much to do with the environment to which it is exposed. Seeking safe havens and comfortable customer relationship only reinforces past behavior. Innovation grows out of pressure and challenge. It also comes from finding the right challenges to meet. The main role of the firm’s leader is to create the environment that meets these conditions. 8. The new rules for innovation, a company should actively seek out pr essure and challenge not try to avoid them. Part of the task is to take advantage of the home nation in order to create the impetus for innovation. Some of the ways of doing so are: seel to the most sophisticated and demanding buyers and channels seek out the buyers with the most difficult needs, establish norms of exceeding the toughest regulatory hurdles of product standards, treat employees as permanent, and establish outstanding competitors as motivators. 9. The true costs of stability. Such a search for a quiet life, and understandable instinct, has led many companies to buy direct competitors or from alliances with them, in a closed, static world, monopoly would indeed be the most comfortable and profitable solution. In reality competition is dynamic. Good managers always run a little scared, they respect and study competitors. Seeking out and meeting challenges is part of their organizational norm. A firm need not exclusively serve demanding buyers nor should it compete head on with any rival. The aim in seeking pressure and challenge is to create the conditions in which competitive advantage can be preserved. In global competition, the pressures of demanding local buyers, capable suppliers, and aggressive domestic rivalry are even more valuable and necessary for long-term profitability. These drive the firm to a faster rate of progress and upgrading than international rivals, and lead to sustained competitive advantage and superior long-term profitability. A tough domestic industry structure creates advantage in the international industry. A comfortable, easy home base, in contrast, leaves a firm vulnerable to rivals who enjoy greater dynamism at home. If a firm lacks the pressures for improvement and innovation, it must create them 10. Perceiving industry change. One of the most important advantages an industry can have is early insight into important needs, environmental forces and trends that others have not noticed. Firms gain competitive position before rivals perceive an opportunity and are able to respond. Identify and serve buyers with the most anticipatory needs. Some buyers will confront new problems or have new needs before others, because of their demographics, location, industry, or strategy. Buyer with anticipatory needs should be identified, designated as priorities and cultivated. Discover and highlight trends in factor costs. Increases in the costs of particular factor or other inputs may signal future opportunities to leapfrog competitors by innovating to deploy inputs more effectively or to avoid the need for them altogether. Maintain ongoing relationship with centers of research and sources of the most talented people. Identify the places in the nation where the best new knowledge is being created that is now or might become relevant to its industry. Identify school, companies, institutions where the best specialized human resources needed in the industry are being trained. Invest time and money. Study all com petitors, especially the new and unconventional ones. A firm should designate the most forward-looking or unconventional competitors for particular study, including foreign competitors who may enjoy the benefits of a very different home base. Learn from competitors as to develop strategies to counter them. Bring some outsiders into the management team. Managers from other companies or industries or from the company’s foreign subsidiaries. Benefit the innovation process. 11. International within the national cluster. Firm gains competitive advantage from the presence in its home nation of world-class buyers, suppliers and related industries. Have a strong cluster at home unblocks the flows of information and allows deeper and more open contract than in possible when dealing with foreign firms. Buyers, channels and suppliers. Recognizing that home-based buyers and suppliers are allies in international competition, a firm must persuade: regular senior management contact, formal and ongoing interchange between research organizations, reciprocity in serving as test sites for new products or services and cooperation in penetrating and serving international markets. Related industries. Industries those are related or potentially related in terms of technology, channels, buyers, or the way buyers obtain or use products, are potentially important to creating and staining competitive advantage. Locating within the nation. A firm should locate activities and its headquarters at those locations in the nation where there are concentrations of sophisticated buyers, important suppliers, groups of competitors, or especially significant factor-creating mechanisms for its industry. Geographic proximity makes the relationship within a cluster closer and more fluid. 12. Serving home base buyers who are international and multinational. Identify and serve buyers at home that it can also serve abroad. 13. Improving the national competitive environment. 14. Diversification. Pa rt of company strategy in virtually every nation. Acquisitions were involved in international success stories, the acquisitions were often modest or focused ones that served as an initial entry point or reinforced an internal entry. Theory for diversification strategy are as follow: 1. New industries for diversification should be selected where a favorable national â€Å"diamond† is present or can be created. Diversification proposals should be screened for the attractiveness of the home base. 2. Diversification is most likely to succeed when it follows or extends clusters in which the firm already competes. . Internal development of new businesses, supplemented by small acquisitions, is more likely to create and sustain competitive advantage than the acquisition of large, established companies. 4. Diversification into businesses, lacking common buyers, channels, suppliers or close technological connections is not only likely to fail but will also undermine the prospects for sustaining advantage in the core businesses. 15. To sustain competitive advantage in global industries, a firm must sell to all significant country markets. Identifying such buyers in other nations will help a firm understand the most stimulate rapid progress in products and services. 16. A firm must be willing to source products or equipment from foreign firms if they are superior. Also work to upgrade local suppliers. Loyalty to domestic suppliers, for its own sake, is ultimately self-defeating. The best form for this is to confront them in no uncertain terms with the need to match their foreign competitors in quality and productivity in order to retain the business. A firm aspiring to competitive advantage must be aware of, and ideally have some access to, all the important scientific work going on in the world that is related to its industry. 17. A firm must be the best rivals in the marketplace in order to sustain and upgrade its advantage. Must find a way to gain advantage ove r the best rivals in order to assure its market position. Meet rivals in all the important markets is to deny them profits in safe markets that can be used to cross-subsidize low profits in contested markets. 18. Choose a location that will expose the firm to significant needs and pressures lacking at home. The purpose is to learn as well as raise the odds that information passes credibly back to the home base. 19. Foreign acquisitions can serve for: gain access to a foreign market or to selective skills and to gain a highly favorable national diamond. 20. Alliances or coalitions are final mechanism by which firm can seek to tap national advantages in other nations. Alliances take form as joint ventures, licenses, sales agreements and supply agreements. Alliances are a tempting solution to the dilemma of a firm seeking the home-base advantages of another nation without giving up its own (are rarely a solution). 21. Real leaders believe in change. Energize their organizations to meet competitive challenges. Find ways of overcoming the filters that limit information and prevent innovation. Have a broad view of competition in which their national environment is integral to competitive success. Work hard to improve that environment and to encourage appropriate government policies. 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A Timeline of the European Union

A Timeline of the European Union Follow this timeline to learn about the series of steps over decades that led to the creation of the European Union. Pre-1950 1923: Pan European Union society formed; supporters include Konrad Adenauer and Georges Pompidou, later leaders of Germany and France.1942: Charles de Gaulle calls for a union.1945: World War II ends; Europe is left divided and damaged.1946: European Union of Federalists forms to campaign for a United States of Europe.September 1946: Churchill calls for a United States of Europe based around France and Germany to increase the chance of peace.January 1948: Benelux Customs Union formed by Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands.1948: Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) created to organize the Marshall Plan; some argue this is not unified enough.April 1949: NATO forms.May 1949: Council of Europe formed to discuss closer co-operation. 1950s May 1950: Schuman Declaration (named after the French Foreign Minister) proposes French and German coal and steel communities.April 19, 1951: European Coal and Steel Community Treaty signed by Germany, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and Netherlands.May 1952: European Defence Community (EDC) Treaty.August 1954: France rejects the EDC treaty.March 25, 1957: Treaties of Rome signed: creates Common Market / European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community.January 1, 1958: Treaties of Rome come into effect. 1960s 1961: Britain tries to join the EEC but is rejected.January 1963: Franco-German Treaty of Friendship; they agree to work together on many policy issues.January 1966: Luxembourg Compromise gives majority vote on some issues, but leaves national veto on key areas.July 1, 1968: Full customs union created in the EEC, ahead of schedule.1967: British application again rejected.December 1969: Hague summit to â€Å"relaunch† the Community, attended by heads of state. 1970s 1970: Werner Report argues economic and monetary union possible by 1980.April 1970: Agreement for EEC to raise own funds through levies and customs duties.October 1972: Paris Summit agrees on plans for the future, including economic and monetary union and ERDF fund to support depressed regions.January 1973: UK, Ireland, and Denmark join.March 1975: First meeting of the European Council, where heads of state gather to discuss events.1979: First direct elections to European Parliament.March 1979: Agreement to create the European Monetary System. 1980s 1981: Greece joins.February 1984: Draft Treaty on European Union produced.December 1985: Single European Act agreed; takes two years to ratify.1986: Portugal and Spain join.July 1, 1987: Single European Act comes into effect. 1990s February 1992: Maastricht Treaty / Treaty on European Union signed.1993: Single Market begins.November 1, 1993: Maastricht Treaty comes into effect.January 1, 1995: Austria, Finland, and Sweden join.1995: Decision taken to introduce the single currency, the Euro.October 2, 1997: Treaty of Amsterdam makes minor changes.January 1, 1999: Euro introduced in eleven counties.May 1, 1999: Treaty of Amsterdam comes into effect. 2000s 2001: Treaty of Nice signed; extends majority voting.2002: Old currencies were withdrawn, ‘Euro’ becomes the sole currency in the majority of EU; Convention on the Future of Europe created to draw up a constitution for larger EU.February 1, 2003: Treaty of Nice comes into effect.2004: Draft constitution signed.May 1, 2004: Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Slovenia join.2005: Draft constitution rejected by voters in France and the Netherlands.2007: Lisbon Treaty signed, this modified the constitution until it was deemed a sufficient compromise; Bulgaria and Romania join.June 2008: Irish voters reject the Lisbon Treaty.October 2009: Irish voters accept the Lisbon Treaty.December 1, 2009: Lisbon Treaty comes into effect.2013: Croatia joins.2016: United Kingdom votes to leave.

Leadership and managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership and managment - Essay Example They integrate tasks, structure, technology, resources, and people into a productive configuration. Managers plan, organize, direct and control. In the end, however, they achieve goals through the efforts of other people. They have to influence the behavior of other people in order to get things done. This requires leadership, and, managers have to be leaders as well. At St. Luke’s Medical Center in the Philippines, leadership is governed by the Board of Trustees. It is in the light that this essay is written to analyze the company in terms of its leadership, vision and mission, strengths and weaknesses, and the underlying factors which assist the company in achieving their goals. St. Lukes Medical Center (SLMC) is located in the Philippines and has provided high-quality healthcare for over a century. Founded in 1903, its mission is to provide outstanding out-patient care. Today it is the foremost and most admired hospital in the Philippines and an acknowledged leader in Asia. (SLMC About Us 2009 par. 1) †St. Lukes delivers on its mission of healing by gathering under one roof the finest medical expertise, the most sophisticated medical technology and facilities, and a deep-rooted culture of compassion. It supports this mission with research and continuing education for those who serve. The total dedication to quality and caring of the St. Lukes family is what distinguishes the hospital as a center of healthcare excellence in Asia. The 650-bed hospital is home to nine Institutes, 13 Departments, and 19 centers. These centers of excellence bring to the Philippines the latest medical advances and treatment modalities. Over 1,700 hospital-affiliated medical consultants see out-patients in more than 450 private clinics. SLMC is the undisputed leader in virtually all medical specialties, including cardiovascular medicine, neurology and neurosurgery, cancer, ophthalmology, and digestive and liver diseases. It is the first choice of medical

Concept Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concept Analysis - Coursework Example Concept analysis process in nursing theory development involves numerous steps. Walker and Avant (1994) propose that the most important step is the identification of the concept and its uses when gathering materials for study. This is because concepts are articulated by a phrase or word. According to Walker and Avant (1994), the analysis of a concept must unavoidably be a review of the descriptive word and its use. To me, concept analysis is; therefore, an examination of the term and its significance in nursing and its comparison to other related phrases (McEwen & Wills, 2014). The identification of the concept and its use is significant because a wrongful identification of the concept would lead to incorrect conclusions, and the whole process would be wrong (Ziegler, 2013). Additionally, it would be a waste of time and resources for the researcher to explore a totally irrelevant topic that is outside the real problem (McEwen & Wills, 2014). Therefore, it is imperative for the researcher to identify the concept and its applications in the development of the theory. This step would also assist in accurate identification of the attributes of the concept. Townsend, L., & Scanlany, J. (2001). Self-efficacy related to student nurses in the clinical setting: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 8(1). doi:10.2202/1548-923X.2223 Permalink to

Philosophy - Buddhism Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy - Buddhism Philosophy - Essay Example Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini near Nepalese Indian border, Kapilavastu. He was the son of King of Sakya tribe. Siddhartha was trained like a warrior as well as he was also coached to possess spiritual knowledge. He was married at the age of sixteen and was happily living with his beautiful wife of thirteen years until one day he left for an excursion. On his way, he encountered four different sights that guided him to an ultimate truth of life. He met an old man, a sick man, a corpse and a monk. Siddhartha saw that people have little control over their lives and with this he left his life as a prince and indulged in self mortification to find the truth. While sitting under a tree, he experienced the Great Enlightenment, a way to escape from suffering. With his teachings, Buddha travelled a lot teaching his doctrine and attracting followers. (Harvey, 1990) Buddha’s initial teachings are about four noble truths. First noble truth is about life and its suffering. Human n ature is imperfect co-existing in an equally imperfect world. Life is full of sorrows and torments, but sprinkled with some happy moments as well. Nothing is permanent in this world not even pain and suffering. Second truth is the reason of first noble truth. It is our attachment to the transient things of the world i.e., our ideas and perceptions of surroundings, our craving and clinging for the best that becomes the basis of our suffering. Detachment from such ideas and dispassion is the only way to end this suffering, which is the third noble truth. Fourth is gradual path of self-improvement. It is detailed as the eighth fold path. The eighth fold is the basis of Buddhist teachings and includes morality, meditation and wisdom (Naht, 1999). Right Knowledge, thinking, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration lead a person to realization that selfishness and greed cause sufferings. Buddhism uncovers the material basis of our relationship to this world and our always unsatisfied expectations. Due to impermanence we are always at a miserable or dejected end of our lives just because we expect a lot from something that is constantly changing and shifting its priorities. In any case we cannot solidify our relationship to this world that is so unpredictable and so unfaithful at times. For example, if we are studying business and hope to build a specific carrier, but when we come into practical life we experience that our knowledge is just not enough to compete with other colleagues in the same field. The priorities have shifted from theoretical knowledge to practical internships and training programs that you lack. In this way, you strived for a goal, but still could not reach it due to its impermanence and you will continue struggling until the end of your life and still may lack something or the other. Samsara is another fundamental concept of Buddhism, which means journeying the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. According to Buddha pe ople don’t possess individual souls, individuality is just an illusion. Rebirth is the concept in Hinduism and Buddhism, an ongoing cycle of birth. A person’s feelings, doings, impressions, karma are passed on to his next life and not his physical self, making him similar to his previous life. Nirvana is also considered as an opposite of Samsara. It is not an actual heaven, but a condition of being in heaven, if only in the state of mind. It is achieved by eliminating

Socio Cultural And Heritage Tourism In Turkey

Socio Cultural And Heritage Tourism In Turkey Firts of all, Turkey is a country which is rich of historic value and culture. As you know, Turkish Republic was founded on Anatolian land and that land has welcomed many ancient civilizations until Turkish Republics creation such as (East) Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, Alexander Empire, Byzantie Empire and many Turkic civilizations. As a result of this, histories and cultures of these countires are hosted by Turkey. So, Turkey is responsible and proud of remaining this deep history to the present time. Generally, Istanbul, Aegean and Mediterranean sides are favored by tourists. So, In this essay, we will find how Turkey save and imporve their historic values. Anyway, If we step on general information about Turkish tourism and Istanbul, I can say Turkish Government were so interested to have serious developments in tourism. In early 1980s, the government set their economic policy to liberal economy and after this the Turkish Government were able to have foreign investments and the government concentrated on the promotion and encouragement of foreign investment in Turkey. However, according to Ministry of Tourism and State Statistics Institute, the main purposes of foreign visits are holiday and vacation, the second is historical and the rest is business and other visits. So, 60% of the foreign tourists are from Europe; Germany, UK and France are sending important propotion of tourists to Turkey which means they are serious tourist sources for Turkey. Recently, Commonwealth of Independent States(C.I.S) and The U.S.A tourist numbers seriously increased. Therefore, Turkey is normally well known in sun-sea-sand holiday trips and this is the main reason for being in world toursim market. To take more tourists attention Turkey offer more reasonable prices to the tourists and as a result of this, foreign tourists stay long but they are not in high-income groups in their own countires. The first aim of taking attentions of tourists is to send them to Mediterranean and Aegean beaches. Fortunately, these coasts have sandy beaches and beautiful sea but at the s ame time, the unspoilt historical ruins are taken good amount of tourists. The reason is Western European tourists are commonly interested in Graeco-Roman and early Christian heritage of the cities of Western Turkey. However, Islamic Seljuk, Ottoman or Kemalist(Ataturk) Heritage are unknown and because of this there is lack of interest in them. Istanbul, Izmir and Bursa and regions such as Cappadocia and Galatia are leading cities where the historical ruins were located(Ashworth Tunbridge, 2000). Anyways, After trying few tourism strategies, Turkey made the program The 5-Year Development Plan .In this programme the main aim is to take rich touristss attention to Turkey and prodive good offers on nature and alternative tourism. In first step, they tried to resolve main problems of the Turkish tourism sector could be classified as follows; investment, avdertising-marketing, developing alternative tourism varieties, educated personnel, seasonal variations, intercapacity, management, administration, infrastructureurbanisation and lack of coordination. As well as the Southern and Aegean coasts, the high potential of the Eastern Black Sea, East and South-East Anatolian regions of the country are developed and promoted according to these new policies (Dinà §er Istanbullu Dinà §er, 1999). Further, in theareas of environmental sensitivity, social welfare and productivity, the Ministry of Tourism has been trying to realise some projects as follows: projects for infrastructure and di versificati on of tourism, research and evaluation activities, efforts for the allocation of public land, special project s and educational activities (Istanbullu Dinà §er,2000). In 2002, 6,812 registered sites or centres(5,278 archeological, 831 natural, 188 urban, 125 historical and 390 other sites or centres) were recorded by the Ministry Of Culture. On the other hand, 64,963 registered Immovable Culturaland Natural Values were recorded in the same report. Nine of them are listed in UNESCO World Heritage List, they are ; Istanbul cultural peninsula, Hierapolis Pamukkale, Hattua-Bogazkale, Goreme-Cappadocia, Divrigi Ulu Mosque and its Hospital, Nemrut Mountain, Xantthos-Letoon, Troia Archeoligical city and Safranbolu. As a result of this, the plan was to make the historical places more valueble and noteworthy. So, the country would be heard by many of the people around the world, and it would make the country interesting in foreigners eyes, and in this way, the government tidies up the important locations. Therefore, this procces breaks the thoughts of country, I mean, It shows that Turkey is not just for summer time, it is suitable to discover and enjoy in four seasons. However, there are really strict laws to protect historical, cultural and natural values in Turkish Republic, and many instutions are involved. Especially, this covers defending against poor urban planning, protection policies, socio-economic problems, ignorance of the public, insufficient control and alternative uses of the land(Tapan,1998). Nevertheless, the poor urban planning and etc have been rapidly disappearing. Anyway, Istanbul iste biggest city in Turkey, and it is very rich in historical and cultural characteristics as a result of being the capital of the Ottoman Empire and Byzantie Empire. This is why we all can smell the history in every step we make in Istanbul. The main house style in Istanbul is Ottoman, and this style flourished in the eighteenth centuries. These houses of Istanbul and Edirne have always been model styles to Western Asia and Eastern Europe(Eldem, 1993) The planning experience of Istanbul goes back to the Ottoman Sultan of Selim the Third in the 18th century and continued with the plan of Moltkein the period of the Sultan Mahmut the Second in the 19th century. In the Republic of Turkey, the planning studies were initiated with the help of foreign experts that were i nvit ed from European countries in 1933. In t he applications of plans until 1958, the plan of Istanbul was prepared around the existing historical city centre. For the first time in 1958, planning studies were initiated for the whole city with a new and extended model. As a result of various plans and experiences, the Marmara Region Development Plan, Urbanization Policy and Istanbul Metropolitan Field Plan were certified in 1980(Keskin Diren,1994). But after the revision of this plan, its integrity had been altered.Since the mid 20th century, important urbanisation decisionswere taken in Istanbul with the contribution of foreign city planners; however, in the last twenty-five years demographic problems prevented the implementation of the plans and illegal urbanisation sometimes shaped the planning studies (Tapan, 1998b). Today, 65% of the urbanisation area in Istanbul metropolitan area is formed of illegal or unplanned areas(Ekinci, 1998).

Essay --

This paper will attempt to state and explain the Cartesian Ontological Argument, its most promising lines of objection and some of the replies to these objections. Before studying the argument, it is important to notice that this type argument, unlike causal or teleological arguments, tries to be based on reason alone, not observation. Descartes considers that his a priori claims can derive the existence of God from the very concept of God. The Cartesian Ontological Argument can be formulated as follows: (1) God is that being than which nothing more perfect can be conceived upon. (2) Existence is a perfection. Therefore, (3) God exist. The argument can also be formulated through reductio ad absurdum: God is the most perfect being that anyone can conceive. One might conceive that God exists just in thought alone and not in reality. However, in that case, the conceived God would not be the most perfect conceivable being because one can think of a more perfect God, namely a God that exists. Thus, it would be a contradiction to conceive a God that does not exist. Therefore, God exists. There is a third formulation of the argument forwarded by Descartes in his replies to the objections: â€Å"(A) That which we clearly and distinctly understand to belong to the true and immutable nature, or essence or form of something, can truly be asserted of that thing (B) With sufficient and careful investigation of what God is, we clearly and distinctly understand that existence belongs to his true and immutable nature. (C) Hence, God does exist.† 1 The first objection is that existence does not follow from essence. One might imagine, for instance, a minotaur and what would constitute its essence. However, even if one could 1 1 DESCARTES, ReneÃŒ . â€Å" Repli... ...rcle. The ideal is always â€Å"more perfect† than the real. For this reason, a God that only existed in the intellect would be the best conceivable God because it would avoid the â€Å"inherent imperfection† that comes with reality. In this manner, existence is not a perfection. In short, the Cartesian Ontological Argument attempts to prove the existence of God without any claims based on the external material world. Even though, intuitively there seems to be something immediately wrong with the argument, it is difficult to identify the actual mistakes in the argument. All the objections and replies to the argument have been supported and/or been refuted in conceptual, logical, and analytical grounds. The existence of God has been one of the most debated and intricate topics in Philosophy. As Car Sagan once popularized, â€Å"An extraordinary claim requires extraordinary proof.10†

Comparison of Three European Sports Cars Essay

Background of the Study When people see these three luxury cars, they immediately think â€Å"wow† luxurious. more often than not, though, that’s usually followed by, â€Å"but would you choose it over any of the europeans and all over the world?† In all honestly, i’d thought about it a few times, and still wasn’t sold on this car. however, experiencing this three luxury cars can change ones mind, just like that. this massive car has presence and possesses without exuding arrogance. whether it’s standing still or on the road, it commands attention without asking for it. People often say that men experiencing midlife crisis buy luxury cars as attempt to hold on the last vestiges of youth and virility slipping from their hands, i believe the luxury cars fills that need nicely , it’s powerful and fast enough to get the hearth racing, the electronic nannies are smart enough to protect most drives from the consequence of stupid driving. This study attempt to compare the effectiveness of luxury cars to ordinary cars. and the characteristics of the cars to save our life. in fact, if this were a contest to turn heads. we might as well as well pack up now and call it a day, because the involuntary rubber necking that the causes it a public health hazard. According to TopGear Magazine (2011), Three supercars,1687 horses, 63.5 million big ones-and all of that extravagance in one place at the same instant. And according to ( Topgear ), Mr, Dinzo Tabamo (Mercedes Motors) The Mercedes’s AMG division makes some of the most powerful cars in the world, but the SLS (engine) is something new-the first Mercedes truly mix it up with blue blooded exotic machinery. According to (Topgear), Mr JV Colayco (Ferrari Motors Manager) The latest’ entry level’ Ferrari is also the most potent and well rounded car from Maranello ( Another type of Ferrari). It has achieved top honors in almost every compare around the globe. According to (Topgear), Mr, Dairy Darilag (Lamboghini Motors) A veteran of many battles, the Gallardo gets an exciting refresh in the LP570-4 (Lamborghini Engine). The LP570-4 means something about the Lamborghini. And the Superleggera means superlight but powerful. The Supperleggera is track oriented. Comparison Of Three European Sports Cars ; Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG, Ferrari 458 ITALIA, Lamborghini Gallardo LP570-4 SUPERLEGGERA Statement of the Problem This research aims to differentiate the luxury cars compare to ordinary cars AND what are the benefits you will gain to save and prolong our lives This research seeks to answers the following questions: 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of buying luxury cars? 2. In CASE of accidents what are the features than can save the lives of the drivers? 3. What are the differences of the three cars engines? Comparison Of Three European Sports Cars ; Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG, Ferrari 458 ITALIA, Lamborghini Gallardo LP570-4 SUPERLEGGERA Theoretical Framework Hypothesis There are many advantages of buying luxury cars and many features that can help to prevent accidents. Assumption Mercedes Benz SLS AMG – The Mercedes Benz SLS AMG Feels Special And Bespoke, But Still Retains A Certain Benz-ness. Ferrari 458 ITALIA- No other flappy paddle systems today feels more alert than the on in the 458 italia. Lamborghini Gallardo LP570-40 SuperLeggera – The Gallardo Has a Heavier Feel than the 458, But It’s More Docile Than AMG. Comparison Of Three European Sports Cars; Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG, Ferrari 458 ITALIA, Lamborghini Gallardo LP570-4 SUPERLEGGERA Significance of the study The findings of the study will be beneficial of the following: Old people – the car is equipped with a very cool automated backup and parallel parking system feature called the advanced parking guidance system. It allows the car to steer into preselected parking spaces. Government – â€Å" those who have in life should have more in law† was the social-justice principle popularized by president ramon magsaysay in the 1950’s. Simply said. Those who can afford a luxury car must also afford to pay a corresponding luxury tax, the belied is conspicuous spending on luxury goods or services for the primary purpose of displaying income and wealth, or of attaining all maintaining social status, carries the responsibility to feed the lifeblood of the government by paying taxes.

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Essays

Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Essays Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Essay Need And Benefits Of Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Essay Introduction Work life balance has become the hot issue around the universe. In the United Kingdom, a high degree of support has been given to work life balance. Employers think people can merely give best public presentation when they can strike a balance of work and life. In the United States, more importance has been given to work life balance, it has accounted for more than two-thirds of work features that has been rated by surveyed companies which they think to be perfectly indispensable to pull and retain the endowment. ( Michaels, Handfield- Jones A ; Axelrod, 2001 ) In Hong Kong, a study is conducted on work life balance has indicated that more than 80 % of employees being interviewed and they have considered work life balance as of import to them and merely less so 50 % of them said that they were able to accomplish it. Literature Review Over the past decennaries, balance between work and other factors of life has been made much hard which happened due to alterations in engineering, demographic work force and concern environment. It is now become a challenge for modern employees to accomplish work life balance without endangering their well being and satisfaction with other facet of the lives and overall quality of life. Technological promotions, like nomadic phones, cyberspace, have enabled people to carry on work anyplace and at anytime, whether they are on vacations or winging on planes. Furthermore the usage of computing machines has changed their lives as people are taking their work to place. Long on the job hours now becomes a norm in many states worldwide. Which have indirectly increased the work load, long hr s civilization and occupation insecurity? Over the past decennaries, the employment of adult females has increased well. In some developed economic systems, adult females are occupied half or more of work force ( International Labor Office 2007 ) . In 2005, approximately 88 million adult females whose ages lie between 20 to 64 were employed in the United States, which was the 50.8 % of the entire work force ( US Census Bureau, 2005 ) and 70.9 % of the adult females were participated in labour force in 2005. Work Life Balance Work life balance was foremost used in the late 1970 that really describes that the person has a personal life excessively. Work and life balance is of import and it should be manage in manner that increases satisfaction. Individual s personal life in which household, friends, love, play etc comes. Work life balance is about people manage the difference between work and life. How they manage work and life. Work life balance is of import merely in the model of what company does for the single worker. The work life balance nevertheless is a two tined attack, it is achievement with enjoyment. If the employee is giving his best input to the organisation but non truly basking the same so felicity so satisfaction can non be achieved. Work life balance does non intend merely equilibrating the profession and household, it means equilibrating the mental and position quo and equilibrating the emotional intelligence. Organizations facilitate their employees via implementing work life balance and preparation. There is a life at place and at work and life holding infinite for leisure clip. If the employee work life is imbalance so it consequence comes on productiveness agencies productiveness is worsening and efficiency degree is besides diminishing, the instability work life has a negative impact in professional and personal life. Imbalance work life consequences in absenteeism, turnover, less committed to organisation. Employee keeping is earnestly of import for organisations. Now organisations are concentrating on preparing their employees and handling them as human capital of the organisation. That s why companies most of the companies are implementing work life balance by easing portion clip work, work at place, attend meeting via picture conferencing, can make occupation sharing. Work life and personal life are two sides of the same coin. Harmonizing to assorted work life balance studies, more so 60 % respondents said they are non able to happen the balance between them. They have to do hard determination between work and personal life. But now it is close to equilibrium. Traditionally pull offing a balance between life and work was considered to be a adult female s issue but increasing work force per unit area, technological alterations and globalisation have made this issue for male and female, all professionals working across all states. Achieving a balance work life is non simple as it seen. Personal life and work life both are inter-connected and mutualist and making long hours occupation, covering with clients, deadlines in occupations can interfere and impact the personal life of an person and sometimes it becomes hard to keep the relationship. On the other side, personal life can besides be demanding such as childs, married woman, parents and relations, giving them clip is really of import. If non pull offing so it leads to absenteeism form work, stress degree additions and concentration on work diminishes. The work life balance struggle occurs when load, duties and duties and household functions becomes incompatible. Need and Benefits of Work Life Balance Today the deadlines of work are acquiring tighter and it s truly much hard for an person to accomplish it. Due to these deadlines it becomes hard to keep a household life. It is hard to hold battle of min with the battle of organic structure. In every person s life there are four stakeholders- his or her personality, household, occupation and the society. It is really of import for an single individual to give equal importance to all stakeholders ( personality, household, occupation and society ) and so an person can term as successful individual. When a life is imbalance so felicity, peace and harmoniousness of life vanishes and it has a negative impact on work life excessively. So it is really of import to avoid instability of life. The passage of work life instability and work life balance has negative and positive impact on organisation s success. On an single degree work life balance conveying phenomenal alterations in his life and besides have impact on society. A balance work life consequences in good wellness, emphasis degree diminution due to wellness degrees and can deduce more value signifier work and life and which leads to satisfaction and self realization. At the organisational degree, balance work life enables productiveness and efficiency and employees becomes more originative and derive more satisfaction. Employee better communicate and make better teamwork in a on the job environment. Work life balance leads to to the full basking the work and which increases passion for it, which consequences in employees commitment degree additions and therefore develops a strong value system. Advantages of Work Life Balance Many organisations such as IBM, Merrill Lynch, Pfizer and Accenture have introduced work life programme within their companies to assist their employees to accomplish effectual balance between the work and personal life because they believe that it makes good concern sense to supply such programmes to their employees due to fiscal and non-financial benefits that can be reaped. Policies and patterns of work life balance are good for concern ; there are many benefits for the concern who have implemented it. The one of the most of import advantage of work life balance is that employee experience satisfaction because of pull offing the work and life. Organizations implement work life balance in order to pull or retain gifted employees. This work life balance was implemented by organisations to diminish the labour turnover in the organisations. It increases the productiveness in the organisations because of the work life balance. When people are satisfied with their life every bit good as work means they have kept the balance between work and personal life, which consequences in less absenteeism in the organisation. It increases the overall net income in the organisation because of balance between work and personal life. Organizations implemented work life balance so it increases overall net income in any organisation as employees are working hard to increase productiveness. Employees are loyal where organisations have implemented work life balance. An overall more gratifying workplace as all employees are accomplishing and basking. Employees give best input to organisation as they are happy with their life and work balance. Work life balance initiates an person to give his best input to organisation and work hard to accomplish organisational ends and provides advanced thoughts and therefore organisation quickly turn in the way of success. When an person has work life balance so he or she can better cognize how to pass the clip. Employees less miss the clip as they have good pull off the work and personal life. Depression is a status of mental perturbation and when employee s work life is balance and he or she can absolutely pull off everything. Individual have other things to make in life so work which is as playing, giving clip to household means disbursement clip with the household, run intoing with friends etc. So work life balance is really of import in person s life. There are many duties of an single such duty parents, married woman, kids and every bit good as of society so work life balance is really of import in regard to pull offing these multiple duties at a clip. Companies who have implemented work life balance programme, they have reduces the wellness cost as employee have to work less and that s the ground they have good wellness. Harmonizing to the Corporate Executive Board s Research, effectual work life balance encourages workers to work harder and deter them for go forthing the occupation. The worker can easy run into the demand of household, personal duties and the life duty. Employees are more committed to organisations who have implemented it. Employer can enroll outstanding or gifted employees in the company. Execution, Effect and Results of work life balance in Pakistan Execution, Effect and Results of work life balance in Pakistan The Unilever Pakistan Limited The Unilever Pakistan Limited, once Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited was established in 1948. Unilever Pakistan is one of the largest fast traveling consumer goods ( FMCG ) company in the Pakistan and has a transnational operational web. The Unilever Pakistan Limited has implemented work life balance to ease their employees to bask and better productiveness in the organisation. Unilever, Pakistan has given employees the opportunity to work flexibly through different strategies which is as portion clip occupation, work at place and occupation sharing. They have change the manner they work in past. But now they avoid going to meetings which cost money and it besides impacts the environment and takes the people far off from place. That s why they have introduced effectual ways to pass on through new coevals picture conferencing, practical meetings, videophones and on-line coaction environments. In the consequence of work life balance execution in Unilever, Pakistan ; employees are more committed, extremely satisfied and loyal to the company and have less turnover. Procter A ; Gamble, Pakistan Procter A ; Gamble, Pakistan was established in 1991 and is planetary consumer goods company which is locally runing in a Pakistan that provides premium quality merchandise for their consumers. Procter and Gamble has implemented work life balance. Harmonizing to their position, they believe that work life balance is every bit of import as the public presentation. They have fitness nines, days-off to work from place programmes. They are giving particular consideration to working female parents. In consequences of implementing the work life in Procter Gamble employees are more productive which translates to success. Telenor Pakistan Telenor Pakistan is owned by the Telenor Group and is an international supplier of voice, informations, and content and nomadic communicating service. Telenor has implemented work life balance which they believe is critical to their concern success. They have provided in-office installations to their employees such as gyms, game suites and coffeehouse to acquire relax at work and bask these installations. The other organisations who have implemented work life balance in Pakistan are ; BankIslami Pakistan, Pakistan State Oil, Netsol Pakistan, National Bank of Pakistan, Pfizer Pakistan, Nestle Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan, Daewoo Pakistan, Pakistan National Shipping Corporation, Standard Chartered Bank Pakistan, Pakistan Steel Mills, Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan, Pakistan, Pakistan, Gourmet Foods ( Pakistan ) , State Life Insurance Corporation Of Pakistan, PEPCO Pakistan, Qubee ( Augere Pakistan ) , Citibank Pakistan, United Energy Pakistan Limited, OCS Pakistan, Tetra Pak Pakistan, Mobilink Pakistan, PepsiCo, Chartis Insurance Company, Pakistan Water and Power Supply Authority, Roche Pakistan Limited, Publicis Pakistan, Engro Foods, The Coca-Cola Company, World call Telecom, Nokia, Xavor Decision Work life balance remains an of import issue that requires considerable attending from organisations. Nowadays many organisations operates 24/7 agenda and technological promotion has made it easy to link all the clip. Employers have found out that burnt-out employees are about useless while satisfied employees are the key to organisation s success in future. To this terminals, many organisation has implemented work life balance plans to ease employees in managing struggles that may originate between work and life. The work life balance plans incorporated at organisations supplying the flexibleness and support that help employees pull off the complexnesss of modern life. Results of imperfect Work life balance Stress The figure of employees enduring from many complaints including high blood pressure, bosom onslaught, diabetes has grown in recent old ages, which worst effected by long on the job hours and nerve-racking working hours. Relational Problems If the employees spend more clip in the workplace instead so passing clip with the parents, partners, kids and household, can upset the relationship as there is no longer clip to give for these dealingss. Unethical Practices To manage the emphasis in the organisations every bit good as in the place, employees tend to follow unethical patterns such as smoke, drugs, improper dealingss etc.